Part 3 What Kind of Government: Civilian or Military?, 3.2 Changes in Civil-Military Relationships after the Arab Spring

Once an area characterized by years of enduring authoritarian rule, the Arab world was shaken in 2011 by a sudden process of transition, namely a process of change from one type of regime (i.e., entrenched authoritarian rule)1 to other types of potential regimes, with strong societal pressures toward democratization. It also witnessed counterrevolutionary trends, along with derailments of transitional processes into civil wars. Five years later, the end-results of that process are still inconclusive and, at least, the harvest in terms of democratic transition...