A dramatic change in Polish politics occurred in 2015 with the election of the PiS-supported Andrzej Duda as president in May,1 and then, in October, with the parliamentary victory of the PiS that gave it the authority to govern single-handedly. What happened next is best described as (un)constitutional backsliding: a dramatic deterioration in the democratic and constitutional standards already attained: early in the twenty-first century, Poland was described by a prominent US political scientist as among “the leaders of the group” of countries that were “a route...
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