III Factors, 26 Populism, Racism, and the Rule of Law in Constitutional Democracies Today

In the mid-1990s, scholarly works increasingly proclaimed the end of nation-state citizenship, washed away by rising tides of globalization and transnational political and economic organizations, even as many nation-states were adopting new “transformative” constitutions that promised greatly expanded sets of rights—social and economic rights; racial, ethnic, and religious minority rights; Indigenous rights; environmental rights; and more—shaped by globalist progressive agendas.1 However, by the second half of the second decade of the twenty-first century, the...