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Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
Collapse All
Preliminary Material
Acknowledgements
Contents
Table of Cases
National Courts
Australia
Canada
Colombia
Germany
Israel
New Zealand
Sri Lanka
United Kingdom
United States
International Courts
European Court of Human Rights
Table of Legislation
Table of Statutes
Secondary legislation
Other legislation
Australia
Brazil
Cambodia
Canada
France
Germany
Greece
Indonesia
Iran
Ireland
Italy
Japan
Malaysia
New Zealand
Norway
Romania
South Africa
Turkey
United Kingdom
United States
International Instruments
List of Abbreviations
Notes on Contributors
General Editors
Contributors
Main Text
Ch.1 Locating Indian Constitutionalism
I Introduction
II The Historical Imagination
1 Constitutional Morality
2 The Cosmopolitan Constitution
III Constitutional Tensions
IV The Character of Indian Constitutionalism
1 State Failure
2 Design and Structure
3 Law and Democracy
V Coda
Part I History
Ch.2 Constitutional Antecedents
I Introduction
II Constitutional Texts
1 The Age of Charters
2 Parliamentary Control and Mughal Constitutionalism
3 The Viceregal Age: Petitioning and Representation
4 The Last Acts of Empire: The Government of India Acts of 1919 and 1935
III Constitutional Aspirations
IV Constitutional Culture
V Conclusion
Ch.3 Indian Constitutionalism: crisis, unity, and history
Preliminary Material
I Introduction
II Constitutional Imperatives
III A Narrative of Crisis and Anarchy
IV The Narrative of Unity
V History and the Future
VI The Social Question
VII Conclusion
Ch.4 The Indian Founding: a comparative perspective
I Introduction
II Post-Colonial/Post-WWII Constitution Making
III Constitution Writing in Divided Societies
IV Strategies of Constitutional Incrementalism
V Deferral
VI Ambiguity
VII Non-Justiciability
VIII Conclusion
Part II Negotiating Constitutionalism
Ch.5 Constitutional Interpretation
I Introduction
II How to Read Constitutions
III Phase One: Textualism
IV Phase Two: Structure-Dominated Eclecticism
V Phase Three: Panchayati Eclecticism
VI Conclusion
Ch.6 Law, Politics, and Constitutional Hegemony: the Supreme Court, jurisprudence, and demosprudence
I Introduction
II The Supreme Court of India
III Organisational Adjudicatory Leadership
IV Hermeneutic Adjudicatory Leadership (HAL)
V The Politics and the Law of Constitutional Amendments
VI The Rights Revolution: The SAL Demosprudence
VII Socially Responsible Criticism
VIII Towards a Conclusion: Demosprudence?
Ch.7 Constitutional Identity
I Introduction
II Revolution and the Constitution: Static Identity
III Reform and the Constitution: Dynamic Identity
IV Constitutional Identity and the Court: The Elusive Promise
1 Identity and the Vagaries of Ordinary Politics
2 The Meandering Path of Identity
V Conclusion
Ch.8 Constitutional Change: a public choice analysis
I Introduction
II An Analytical Framework for Constitutional Amendments
1 Procedural Rules
2 Substantive Rules
3 Choosing the Forum for Amendments
III Interest Groups Negotiating the Constitution
1 Phase I (1950–80): Amendment by Parliament
2 Phase II (Post-1980): Amendment by Interpretation
IV Conclusion
Ch.9 International Law and the Constitutional Schema
I Introduction
II Fostering Respect for International Law
1 Article 51(c)
2 The Case Law
a On Treaties: Judicial Incorporation, Interpretation, and Gap Filling
b On Customary and ‘Not-So-Customary’ Norms
c General Principles of Law
d Soft Law
3 Fostering Respect for International Law in the Service of ‘Justice’
III Treaty Making and Implementation
1 The Executive’s Treaty Making and Implementing Power
2 Parliament’s Treaty Implementing Power
IV Conclusion
Part III Constituting Democracy
Ch.10 Citizenship
I Introduction
II Citizenship for Extraordinary Times
III Citizenship Laws for Ordinary Times
IV Three Paths to Jus Sanguinis
V Conclusion
Ch.11 Language
I Introduction
II Official Language of the Union Government
III Linguistic Reorganisation of States
IV Linguistic Federalism and Linguistic Minorities
V Conclusion
Ch.12 Elections
I Introduction
II The Right to Vote
III The Election Commission
IV Elections: Regulating Inputs
V Elections: Process
VI Elections: Outcomes
VII Conclusion
Ch.13 Emergency Powers
I Introduction
II The Provisions
III A Curious Feature
IV Article 352: Central Issues
V Article 356: Central Issues
VI Conclusion
Ch.14 Constitutional Amendment
I Introduction
II The Emergence of the Basic Structure Doctrine
III The Application of the Basic Structure Doctrine
1 Democracy-based Challenges
2 Rights-based Challenges
IV Conclusion
Part IV Separation of Powers
Ch.15 Separation of Powers
I Introduction
II The Legislature
1 Judicial Powers
2 Legislative Control of the Judiciary
III The Executive
1 Legislative Powers
2 Judicial Powers
3 Executive Control of the Judiciary
IV The Judiciary
1 Judicial Power and Independence
2 Judicial Control of the Legislature
3 Judicial Control of the Executive
V Autonomous Bodies
1 The Election Commission
2 Comptroller and Auditor General
VI Conclusion
Ch.16 Legislature: composition, qualifications, and disqualifications
I Introduction
II Composition
III Qualifications
IV Disqualifications
1 Office of Profit
2 Defection
3 Disqualification By or Under a Law Made by Parliament
4 Vacation of Seats and Decisions on Disqualification
V Conclusion
Ch.17 Legislature: privileges and process
I Introduction
II The Justifications for Legislative Privileges
III Contestations Over the Scope of Legislative Privileges
1 Relationship with Fundamental Rights
2 Legislative Privileges and Corruption
IV Conclusion
Ch.18 Executive
I Introduction
II The Head of the State
III The Head of Government
IV President and the Council of Ministers: Constitutional Interactions
V Powers and Functions of the Executive
VI Discretionary Powers of Presidents and Governors
Ch.19 Judicial Architecture and Capacity
I Introduction
II Hierarchy of Courts
1 Description of the Courts
2 Backlog and Top-heaviness in the Judicial System
III Stare Decisis and Polyvocality
1 Judicial and Litigation Entrepreneurs and Chief Justice Dominance
IV Management of the Courts
1 Subordinate Courts
2 The Upper Judiciary
V Conclusion
Ch.20 Judicial Independence
I Introduction
II Appointments
III Conditions of Service and Appointment of Officers and Servants
IV Disciplinary Action
V Conclusion
Ch.21 Jurisdiction
I Introduction
II The Appellate Court
1 The Supreme Court’s Appellate Jurisdiction: An Outline
2 Uncertainty and Expansion in the Supreme Court’s Appellate Jurisdiction
a Imbalance in Jurisdictional Reforms
b The Absence of Guidelines for the Exercise of Discretion
c Inconsistency in Implementing Constitutional Provisions
3 The Appellate Court: Some Concluding Remarks
III The Constitutional Court
1 Advising the President
2 Adjudicating Federal Disputes
3 The Jurisdiction to Interpret the Constitution
4 Constitutional Court: Some Concluding Remarks
IV The Final Court
1 The Finality of Judgments—Correcting Errors: The Power to Review, and Curative Petitions
2 Enforcing Justice
a The Power to do ‘Complete Justice’
b The Power to Punish for Contempt of Court
3 The Supreme Court’s Claim to Inherent Powers
V Conclusion
Ch.22 The Administrative and Regulatory State
I Introduction
II The Administrative Structure
III The Regulatory Structure
IV The Constitution and the Administrative and Regulatory State
V The Regulatory State: A Conceptual Overview
VI Concerns with the Regulatory State
1 Legal Uncertainty
2 Excessive Delegation
3 A Turf War?
4 Multiplicity of Channels of Appeal and Lack of Finality
VII Conclusion
Ch.23 Tribunals
I Introduction
II A Brief History of the Evolution of Tribunals in India
1 Origin of Tribunals and Debates Among Law Reform Bodies from 1950 to 1975
2 The Push for Tribunals During the Emergency (1975–77)
a The Swaran Singh Committee
b The Forty-second Amendment to the Constitution and the Attempt to Undo its Effect by the Forty-fourth Amendment
III Constitutional Litigation over Tribunals (1985–2014)
1 The Administrative Tribunals Act 1985 and Sampath Kumar
2 The Post- Sampath Kumar Cases (1986–93)
3 Revisiting and Revising Sampath Kumar: Sakinala Harinath and L Chandra Kumar (1993–97)
4 The Immediate Aftermath of Chandra Kumar (1997–2004)
5 The National Company Law Tribunals—Round I (2004–10)
6 The National Tax Tribunal Decision (2014)
7 The National Company Law Tribunals—Round II (2010–15)
IV Conclusion
Ch.24 Review of Administrative Action
I Introduction
II Is Administrative Review Different From Legislative Review?
III Grounds of Administrative Review
1 ‘Undue Haste’ as a Ground of Review
2 Promissory Estoppel
IV The Forms of Administrative Actions
V Conclusion
Part V Federalism
Ch.25 The Federal Scheme
I Introduction
II The Federal Framework
1 Central and Regional Governments
2 Distribution of Powers
a Legislative Powers
b Executive Powers
c Judicial Power
d Financial Powers
3 Supremacy of the Constitution
4 Dispute Resolution Mechanism
III The Centralised Character of Indian Federalism
1 The Identity of States
a State Boundaries and New States
b State Representation in Parliament
2 Legislative Competence
3 Regional Emergencies
IV Conclusion
Ch.26 Legislative Competence: the Union and the States
I Introduction
II Legislative Competence in the Indian Constitution: An Overview
1 Constitutional Framework and Legislative History: An Outline
III Competence: Power and Repugnance Distinguished
1 Questions of Vires —The Expression ‘With Respect to’
a The Early Skirmishes in the Moneylending Litigation
b The Argument of Sir Walter Monckton KC and the Advice of Lord Porter
2 The So-called ‘Aspect Theory’
a The Birth of the ‘Aspect Theory’ in Indian Law: The Federation Case
b The So-called ‘Aspect Theory’ is Indistinguishable from ‘Pith and Substance’
IV Repugnance: Conflicting Intra Vires Legislation
1 Mar Appraem Kuri and Actual Conflict
2 Article 254(1), the Concurrent List, and VK Sharma
a The Language of Article 254(1)
b The Legislative History of Article 254(1)
c The Case Law Before VK Sharma
d VK Sharma and the Second Limb of the Repugnance Fallacy
e Three Objections to the Argument that VK Sharma is Wrong
(i) What is the Rationale for Branch 2?
(ii) Does it Render the Non-Obstante Clause in Article 246 Redundant?
(iii) What is the Rationale for Confining Article 254(2) to the Concurrent List?
V Conclusion
Ch.27 Inter-State Trade, Commerce, and Intercourse
I Introduction
II The Comparison with Australian Law
III The ‘Compensatory Tax’ Controversy
IV The Atiabari Ruling
V Automobile Transport and the Rajasthan Levy
VI Unresolved Questions
1 Article 304(a) and (b)
2 Entry 52, List II, and Article 301
VII Conclusion
Ch.28 Inter-State River Water Disputes
I Introduction
II Water Disputes and the Constitutional Framework
1 Article 262 and the Vesting of Power in Parliament
2 Inter-State Rivers in a Federal Nation
3 Constitutional History
4 Constitutional Design: Political Negotiation or Adjudication
III Parliament’s Role: The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act
1 The River Boards Act
2 The Inter-State River Water Disputes Act
3 The Principles of Inter-State River Water Dispute Resolution
IV Inter-State River Dispute Resolution: Concerns and Difficulties
1 The Bar Against the Supreme Court’s Jurisdiction
a ‘Water Disputes’ and the Jurisdiction of the Supreme Court
b Locus Standi and Water Disputes
2 Powers of the Tribunals: Interim Relief and Post-Award Litigation
a Interim Relief
b Post-Award Litigation
(i) Appeals against awards
(ii) Enforcement and implementation
3 Delays in Resolving Disputes
a Constitution of Tribunals
b Publication of Awards
V Conclusion, and an Evaluation of the Mullaperiyar Judgment
VI Conclusion
Ch.29 Fiscal Federalism
I Introduction
II The Initial Framework
III Amendments
IV Fiscal Federalism in Practice
V Legal Cases and Lessons
1 Taxes
2 Expenditures
3 Transfers
4 Borrowing
VI Conclusion
Ch.30 Asymmetric Federalism
I Introduction
II The Significance of Asymmetric Federalism in India
III Constitutional Provisions for Asymmetry in India
1 Article 370 and the Special Status Granted to the State of Jammu and Kashmir
2 Legal Status of Article 370: Case Law and Ongoing Disputes
3 Fifth and Sixth Schedules
4 Case Law on Fifth and Sixth Schedules
5 Special Provisions for Other States: Articles 371 to 371J
a Intra-State Equity Provisions and their Legal Standing
b Autonomy Arrangements and Ethnic Conflict Resolution in Northeast India
c Frontiers of Asymmetry: Land and Natural Resource Governance
IV Conclusion
Ch.31 Local Government
I Introduction
II Establishing Representative Local Self-Government in India: A Brief History
1 Indigenous and Colonial Local Government
2 Local Government in Independent India
3 Constitutional Amendments for Local Government
III Local Government in the Constitution and in Statutes
1 Overview of Constitutional and Statutory Provisions on Local Government
2 The Structure and Composition of Local Government Bodies
3 The Case of Industrial Townships: Subverting Representative Local Government
4 The Composition of Local Bodies: Franchise and Representation
5 The Conduct of Elections to Local Bodies
IV The Functions and Powers of Local Bodies and their Place in the Federal Framework
1 Failures in Devolution and the Rise of Parallel Bodies
2 Financing Local Bodies: Powers of Taxation
3 India’s Federal Framework and Local Bodies
V Conclusion
Part VI Rights—Structure and Scope
Ch.32 Rights: breadth, scope, and applicability
I Introduction
II The ‘Actor’ Question
1 Rights for Whom?
2 Who is the ‘State’?
a Structural Beginnings
b The Functional Turn and the Agency or Instrumentality Doctrine
c Conceptualising the State
d The Juristic Veil
e Post- Ajay Hasia
f Structuralism Returns: ‘Functional, Financial, and Administrative Control’
g The Path Forward
h The Judiciary as ‘State’
III The ‘Form’ and ‘Effect’ Questions
1 The Meaning of ‘Law’
2 Doctrines of Severability and Reading Down
3 Doctrine of Eclipse
IV Conclusion
Ch.33 Horizontal Effect
I Introduction
II Direct Horizontal Effect
III Indirect Horizontal Effect: Protective Duties
IV Indirect Horizontal Effect: Private Law
V Conclusion
Ch.34 Writs and Remedies
I Introduction
II Jurisdiction
III Writs
IV Constitutional Remedies: Procedural Aspects
1 Res Judicata
2 Questions of Fact
3 Political Questions
V Conclusion
Ch.35 Saving Clauses: the Ninth Schedule and Articles 31A–C
I Introduction
II Origin of Saving Clauses: An Alternative Reading
III Taxonomy of the Ninth Schedule’s (Mis)Use
1 Lack of Application of Mind and Oversight
2 Excessive Use
3 Colourable Use
IV Misuse of the Ninth Schedule and the Judiciary
1 Sharing of Constitutional Space
2 Ninth Schedule and the Basic Structure Doctrine
V Judging the Constitutional Vision
1 Right to Property versus Other Fundamental Rights
2 Fundamental Rights versus Directive Principles
VI Conclusion
Ch.36 Directive Principles of State Policy
I Introduction
II Origins: Judicial Minimalism
III The Directive Principles as Markers of Reasonableness
IV The Directive Principles as Interpretive Guides
V The Directive Principles as Establishing Framework Values
VI The Limiting Principle: Non-Enforcement
VII Conclusion
Ch.37 Public Interest Litigation
I Introduction
II Characteristics
III Evolution
IV Standing
1 Representative Standing
2 Citizen Standing
3 Litigational Competence
V Procedural Innovations
VI Justiciability
VII Conclusion
Ch.38 The Constitutionalisation of Indian Private Law
I Introduction
II Public Law and Private Law in the Indian Legal System
III Private (Tort) Law as Constitutional Law in India
IV Unexplored Consequences
1 Substantive Neglect
2 Doctrinal Manipulation
3 Moral Hazard
4 Claim Impersonalisation
V Conclusion
Part VII Rights—Substance and Content
Ch.39 Equality: legislative review under Article 14
I Introduction
II The Traditional Narrative
III Unreasonable Comparison
1 The Right
2 The Differentia
3 The Objective
4 The Impact
5 A Summary
6 Reassessing the Old Doctrine
IV Non-Comparative Unreasonableness
1 Equality, Arbitrariness, and the Rule of Law
2 Legislative Review and the New Doctrine
V Conclusion
Ch.40 Reservations
I Introduction
II Who
1 Scheduled Castes and Tribes
2 Other Backward Classes
a Provisions Use Term Differently
b Different Central and State Lists
c Caste as Sole Definition
d Data on Who are the OBCs
3 Targeting Techniques: List Revision, Creamy Layer and Sub-Classification
a List Revision
b Sub-classification
c Creamy Layer
4 Other Beneficiaries
a Women
b Muslims and Other Religious Groups
III Where
1 Public (State) Education
a Minority Institutions
b Superspecialty Posts
c Gradual Extension
2 Public (State) Employment
3 Private Sector
a Private Colleges
b Private Schools
c Private Employment
4 Legislature
IV How
1 Entry-level Reservations
2 Quota Limits
a Fifty Per Cent Rule
b Carry-forward
c General Seats for Reserved Candidates
d Ninth Schedule
3 Promotion
a Consequential Seniority
b Relaxation of Minimum Standards
c Organisational Efficiency
4 Other Forms
V Why
1 Balancing Equality, Social Justice, Efficiency
2 Substantive Equality
3 Democracy by Majority Rule
Ch.41 Gender Equality
I Introduction
II Formal versus Substantive Equality
III Formal Equality in Indian Constitutional Law
IV Equality and Gender Difference
V Gender Equality in Judicial Decisions
1 Domestic Violence
2 Maintenance
3 Sexual Expression and Sexual Harassment
VI Conclusion
Ch.42 Life and Personal Liberty
I Introduction
II From Gopalan to Maneka—Unresolved Issues
III The Basis for Expanding the Meaning of ‘Personal Liberty’
IV Using Dignity to Expand the ‘Right to Life’ and ‘Personal Liberty’
V Civil and Political Rights
1 Rights of Individuals in Detention and Protection Homes
2 Access to Justice
3 Taking Life: The State and the Individual
a Death Penalty
b Attempt to Suicide
4 Anti-terror and Security Legislation
5 Sexual Minorities
VI Socio-Economic Rights
1 Right to Education
2 Right to Health
3 Right to Shelter and Housing
4 The Right to Food (Security)
VII Environmental Jurisprudence and Article 21
VIII Evaluating the Judicial Discourse
1 Restriction and Deprivation: The Burden on the State
2 Hierarchy of Rights?
3 Developing Content of ‘Right to Life and Personal Liberty’
IX Conclusion
Ch.43 Due Process
I Introduction
II The Framing of India’s Constitution
III Procedural Due Process
1 The Gopalan Era
2 The Maneka Gandhi Case
IV Substantive Due Process
1 Beyond Procedural Fairness
2 Beyond Physical Restraint: Unenumerated Rights
3 Arbitrariness/Reasonableness
V Defining ‘Due Process’
VI Conclusion
Ch.44 Criminal Law and the Constitution
I Introduction
II The Liberty Perspective
III Reading Against the Right: Public Order Perspective
1 Ex-Post Facto Laws
2 Double Jeopardy
3 Right Against Self-incrimination
4 Illegally Obtained Evidence
5 Fair Trial Guarantees
6 Right to Counsel
7 Rights upon Arrest and Bail
IV Conclusion: Constitutional Criminal Procedure and Rights of the Impoverished
Ch.45 Free Speech and Expression
I Introduction
II Justifying Free Speech
III Colonial Continuity, Sedition, and Public Order
IV The Scope of Article 19(1)(a)
1 The Domain of Free Speech
2 The Test of Reasonableness
3 A Notable Failure
V Subversive Speech: Public Order and Sedition
VI Hate Speech and Obscenity
VII Doctrinal Confusion and Obscenity Standards
VIII Conclusion: Speech, Democracy, and the Value of an Agonistic Public Sphere
Ch.46 Assembly and Association
I Introduction
II Freedom to Assemble Peaceably
1 Colonial Restrictions
2 Restrictions under the Criminal Procedure Code
a Section 144
b Unlawful Assemblies
3 The Supreme Court’s Jurisprudence
a Prior Permission for Public Meetings
b Government Employees
c Section 144 of the CrPC
(i) The Power of the State
(ii) The Constitutionality of Section 144
(iii) ‘Potential’ Violation and ‘Unlawful’ Assembly
(iv) The Right to Strike
III Freedom of Association
1 Appropriate Notice Prior to Designation as an Unlawful Association
2 Membership of an Unlawful Association
3 Forming an Association versus Achieving Its Aims
4 Composition and Control
5 Right Not to Join an Association
6 Government Employees
IV Conclusion
Ch.47 Movement and Residence
I Introduction
II Context and Conflict
III The Judicial Approach
1 ‘Law and Order’ Restrictions
a Preventive Detention Cases
b Externment Laws and Orders
c Arrest, Bail, and Related Procedures
2 Laws and Measures Aimed at Positive Discrimination
a Education
b Employment
3 Laws and Measures Aimed at Public Safety, Health, Environment, and Land Acquisition
a Land Acquisition
b Restrictions on General Physical Movement
c Public Safety/Public Morals Related Restrictions
d Restrictions Imposed Directly on Economic Activity
IV Conclusion
Ch.48 Profession, Occupation, Trade, or Business
I Introduction
II Article 19(1)(g)—What is a Profession, Occupation, Trade, or Business?
III Restrictions on Activities Within Article 19(1)(g)
1 Excessive or Drastic Restrictions
2 Arbitrariness
IV Is Setting Up and Running a Private Educational Institution Protected Under Articles 19(1)(g) and (6)?
V Some Trends and Themes
1 Jurisprudential Themes
2 Role of the State and Articles 19(1)(g) and 19(6)
VI Conclusion
Ch.49 Secularism and Religious Freedom
I Introduction
II Religious versus Secular and the Essential Practices Doctrine
III Self-Identification and the Definition of Hinduism
IV The Right to Propagate Religion
V Teaching Religion
VI Conclusion
Ch.50 Personal Laws
I Introduction
II The Legal Architecture of Personal Laws
1 Colonial Interventions
2 The Rights of Women
3 Post-Independence Hindu Law Reforms
III The Constitutionality of Personal Laws
1 The Non-Interventionist Approach
2 The Scrutinising Approach
IV The Uniform Civil Code Debate
1 Post-Independence Reforms within Personal Laws
2 The Challenges for Enacting a Uniform Civil Code
V Conclusion: The Way Forward
Ch.51 Minority Educational Institutions
I Introduction
II An Anti-Discrimination Principle or a Special Right?
1 Judicial Vacillation
2 Four Justifications
a The Historical Justification
b The Textual Justification
c The Anti-Majoritarian Justification
d The Equality Justification
III The Rights of Minority Educational Institutions—The Undoing of TMA Pai
1 Medium of Instruction
2 Minority Educational Institutions that Seek Neither Aid nor Recognition
3 The Admission Process
4 The Admission of Non-minority Students
5 Fee and Profit
IV State Regulation of Aided Minority Educational Institutions
V Conclusion
Ch.52 Property
I Introduction: The Property Paradox
II The Fundamental Right to Property in the Constitution 1950 and Section 299 of the Government of India Act 1935: Shifts and Continuities
III Agrarian Reform and the First, Fourth, and Seventeenth Amendments [Article 31(4) and (6), Articles 31A and 31B]
IV Eminent Domain and Police Powers: The Relationship Between Articles 19 and 31 and the Fourth Amendment (1955)
1 Article 31(1) and (2): Police Powers and Eminent Domain
2 Article 19(1)(f): ‘Capacity’ v ‘Concrete Property Entitlements’
3 The Relationship Between Articles 19(1)(f) and 31: ‘Restriction’ v ‘Deprivation’
4 The Relationship Between Articles 19 and 31 Following the Fourth Amendment
V ‘Public Purpose’ and ‘Compensation’
1 Public Purpose
2 Compensation
a Zamindari Abolition Cases and the First Amendment
VI The Fundamental Right to Property Abolished: Forty-fourth Constitutional Amendment
VII Reinstating the Fundamental Right to Property in the Indian Constitution
VIII Conclusion
Part VIII The Government’s Legal Personality
Ch.53 Government Contracts
I Introduction
II The Government’s Power of Contracting
III The Formation of Government Contracts
1 Scope and Ambit of Article 299
2 Mandatory Nature of Article 299
3 Consequences of Non-compliance
a Ratification
b Promissory Estoppel
4 Remedies to Parties
IV Judicial Review of Government Contracts
1 Phase 1: The Emergence of Judicial Review of Government Contracts (1950–79)
2 Phase 2: The Era of Measured Judicial Intervention (1980–2011)
3 Phase 3: Judicial Activism and the Period of Upheaval (2012)
4 Evaluating the Legal Position
IV Conclusion
Ch.54 Sovereign Immunity
I Introduction
II The Constitutional Text and Doctrinal Divergence in Colonial India
III Sovereign Immunity in Independent India: The Search for Principle
1 Hollowing Out Sovereign Immunity: The Fundamental Rights Cases
2 Clarity and Confusion: Nagendra Rao and Beyond
IV Conclusion
Ch.55 Public Employment and Service Law
I Introduction
II The Historical Legacy
1 Colonial India
2 The Constituent Assembly Debates
III The Constitutional Position
1 The Terms of Service
2 Constitutional Protections
3 Public Service Commissions
IV Conclusion: The Challenge of Administrative Reforms
Epilogue
Ch.56 The Indian Constitution Seen from Outside
I Introduction
II Unconstitutional Constitutional Amendments and the ‘Basic Structure’ Doctrine
III Public Interest Litigation
IV Affirmative Action
V Judicial Independence
VI Conclusion
Further Material
Index
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Table of Legislation
Edited By: Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla, Pratap Bhanu Mehta
From:
The Oxford Handbook of the Indian Constitution
Edited By: Sujit Choudhry, Madhav Khosla, Pratap Bhanu Mehta
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Constitutions of the World [OCW]
Series:
Oxford Handbooks in Law
Published in print:
01 March 2016
ISBN:
9780198704898
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