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View translated passages only
Oxford Law Citator
Contents
Expand All
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Preliminary Material
Preface
Contents
Table of Cases
Botswana
Democratic Republic of Congo
Eswatini (Swaziland)
Ghana
Kenya
Namibia
Nigeria
South Africa
Zimbabwe
International Courts
African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights
International Court of Justice
Table of Legislation
National Legislation
Algeria
Angola
Belgium
Botswana
Burundi
Cameroon
Canada
Cape Verde
Central African Republic
Central African Republic (CAR)
Chad
Comoros
Congo (Democratic Republic)
Congo (Republic)
Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC)
Egypt
Eritrea
Eswatini (Swaziland)
Ethiopia
France
Gabon
Gambia
Ghana
Guinea Bissau
Kenya
Lesotho
Liberia
Malawi
Mali
Mauritania
Mauritius
Morocco
Mozambique
Namibia
Nigeria
Portugal
Republic of Congo
Senegal
Somalia
South Africa
South Sudan
Sudan
Swaziland
Tanzania
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
United Kingdom
United States
Zambia
Zimbabwe
International Legislation
African Regional Instruments
Other International and Regional Instruments
List of Abbreviations
List of Contributors
Main Text
Introduction to Decentralisation and Constitutionalism in Africa
Part I Introductory Overview
1 The Relationship between Decentralisation and Constitutionalism in Africa: Concepts, Conflicts, and Hypotheses
1 Introduction
2 Constitutionalism and the Contest for Content
3 Decentralisation: Towards (a) Working Definition(s)
3.1 Federations and federalism
3.2 Local government
3.3 Traditional authorities
4 The Impact of Constitutionalism on the Practice of Decentralisation
4.1 Federalism
4.2 Developmental local government
5 The Impact of Decentralisation on Constitutionalism
5.1 Practices of decentralisation undermining constitutionalism
5.2 The practice of decentralisation supporting, strengthening, or even shaping constitutionalism
6 Summary
Bibliography
2 Ethnicity, Decentralisation, and Constitutionalism: A Comparative Perspective
1 Introduction
2 Ethnicity
3 The Colonial and Post-colonial Origins of African States
3.1 Ethnicity and the state
3.2 Contemporary connections between politics and ethnicity: capture of the state
4 Decentralisation
4.1 Objectives of decentralisation
4.2 Characteristics of decentralisation
5 Constitutionalism
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
3 Regional and Continental Frameworks for Decentralisation in Africa: The African Charter on Decentralisation
1 Introduction
2 The Historical Context of, and Challenges to, Decentralisation in Africa
3 An Overview of Regional and Continental Efforts
3.1 The efforts of the RECs and other development partners and agencies
3.2 The decentralisation efforts of the AU
4 An Overview and Assessment of the AU Decentralisation Charter
4.1 Overview of the AU Decentralisation Charter
4.2 A critical assessment of the AU Decentralisation Charter and its prospects
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part II Federal and Hybrid Federal Systems in Africa
4 Constitutional Infidelity and Federalism in Nigeria
1 Introduction
2 The Paradoxes of Constitutional Infidelity
3 The 1999 Nigerian Constitution: Overcentralisation and the Roots of Infidelity
4 Constitutional Infidelity and Federalism since 1999
4.1 Revenue allocation
4.2 Local government
4.3 The police
4.3.1 State funding of the Nigerian police force
4.3.2 Emergence of separate state quasi-police formations and/or state-supported vigilante groups
4.3.3 Official proposals for the establishment of state police
4.4 Sharia implementation
4.5 Geopolitical zones
5 Assessing the Promise and Perils of Constitutional Infidelity
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
5 A Federation without Federal Credentials: The Story of Federalism in a Dominant-party State
1 Introduction
2 The Promise of a Robust Federation
3 Federalism in a Dominant-party State
3.1 Advisers or ‘king-makers’
2.2 Acting under dictation
2.3 Not-so-subtle interference
4 Explaining the Gap between the Constitution and Practice
4.1 The making of the Constitution
4.2 Absence of autonomous organs of civil society
4.3 Press that is not free
4.4 The umpire that cannot guard the federation
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
6 The Dynamic Relationship between Devolution and Constitutionalism in South Africa
1 Introduction
2 Constitutionalism in Theory and Practice at National Level
2.1 Constitutional democracy
2.2 The practice of constitutionalism
2.3 Fraying at the edges: Constitutionalism under the Zuma presidency
3 Sub-national Governments
4 Provinces
4.1 Constitutionalising a hybrid federal system
4.2 Giving effect to the hybrid federal system
4.2.1 Constructing the provinces: the Mandela presidency (1994–1999)
4.2.2 Recentralising power: The Mbeki years (1999–2008)
4.3 Provinces and the Zuma presidency (2009–2018)
4.4 Concluding remarks on provinces
5 Local Government
5.1 Constitutionalising local government
5.2 Establishing the local sphere of government: The Mandela years (1994–1999)
5.3 Consolidating local government: The Mbeki years (1999–2008)
5.4 The challenge of, and to, local government: the Zuma presidency (2009–2018)
5.5 Local government and constitutionalism: Assessment
6 Concluding Remarks: The Dynamic Relationships between Devolution and Constitutionalism in South Africa
Bibliography
7 Regionalism under the Congolese Constitution of 18 February 2006: Progress and Challenges
1 Introduction
2 Historical Evolution
2.1 The failure of federalism after independence
2.2 Towards centralisation, deconcentration of powers, and fictional decentralisation
3 The Objectives of the Framers of the Constitution of 18 February 2006
4 The Alteration of Original Constitutional Regionalism by the Central Government
4.1 Law of 2008 and constitutional amendment of 2011
4.2 The reduction of provincial autonomy and its consequences
5 The Prospects for Solutions
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
8 Implementation of Devolution under Kenya’s 2010 Constitution: Political Resistance and the Struggle for the Ideals of Constitutionalism
1 Introduction
2 Kenya’s History of Centralised Power and Popular Clamour for Political and Governance Reforms
3 Fundamental State Restructuring under the 2010 Constitution
3.1 The challenges of the centre: political and institutional resistance to constitutionalism
4 Implementation of Devolved Governance
4.1 The structure of Kenya’s devolved government
4.2 Transition to county governance: a lost opportunity
4.3 Development of devolution laws and policies
4.4 Effectiveness of county and national institutions
5 Constitutionalism as a Critical Condition for Effective Devolution
5.1 Emerging devolution practices and the negation of constitutionalism
5.2 Emerging devolution practices complementary to constitutionalism
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
9 Constitutionalism: The Missing Element in South Sudan’s Elusive Quest for Peace through Federalism?
1 Introduction
2 Historical Background and the Context of Federalism in South Sudan
2.1 Brief overview of South Sudan
2.2 The failed attempts to accommodate South Sudan in united Sudan (1946–2005)
2.2.1 Federalism in Sudan’s political discourse (1946–1998)
2.2.2 Federalism under the 1998 ‘permanent’ constitution
3 The Signing of the CPA and the Interim Period (2005–2011)
3.1 The interim period: federal or confederal arrangement?
3.2 The ‘decentralised system’ in the southern region during the interim period
4 Federalism in the Republic of South Sudan
4.1 South Sudan’s decentralised system under the 2011 Constitution
4.2 The waning constitutionalism and the ensuing crisis
5 The August 2015 Peace Agreement
5.1 The Agreement in brief
5.2 Federalism in the August 2015 Agreement
5.3 Constitutionalism and federalism after the August Agreement
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part III Decentralisation, Local Government, and Constitutionalism
10 Constitutionalisation of Local and Regional Government in Lesotho, South Africa, and Uganda
1 Introduction
2 Analytical Framework
2.1 Key features of decentralisation
2.2 The importance of the rule of law in decentralisation
2.3 Four questions about constitutionalism
2.4 The three countries
3 South Africa
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Autonomy
3.2.1 Institutions
3.2.2 Powers
3.3 Supervision
4 Uganda
4.1 Introduction
4.1.1 Autonomy
4.1.2 Institutions
4.1.3 Powers
4.2 Supervision
5 Lesotho
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
11 Decentralisation for Participatory Governance under Ghana’s 1992 Constitution: The Rhetoric and the Reality
1 Introduction
2 Background to the Local Government System under the 1992 Constitution
3 Decentralisation under the 1992 Constitution
4 The District Units
5 The Regions
6 Composition of the District Assemblies
7 Constitutionally Prescribed Functions of the District Assembly
8 Constitutional Provisions on Decentralisation and How They Could Support Constitutionalism
9 The Practice of Central Government Control over District Assemblies
9.1 Central government control through appointment of operatives
9.2 Central government influence through resource control
9.3 Controls emanating from the Local Government Act
10 The Impact of the CRC Exercise on Issues of Local Government
10.1 The non-partisan nature of the District Assemblies
10.2 Reserved seats in the Assemblies
10.3 Mode of selection of district chief executives
10.4 Mode of removal of Chief Executives from office
10.5 Fiscal decentralisation
11 Future of the CRC Report
12 Conclusion
Bibliography
12 Decentralisation and Constitutionalism in Zimbabwe: Can the Leviathan be Tamed?
1 Introduction
2 Tracing the Evolution of Devolution and Multi-level Government
3 Constitutional Provisions on Devolution and Multi-level Governance
3.1 Promoting democratic governance at sub-national level
3.2 Decentralisation of powers and responsibilities
3.3 Decentralising resource-raising and spending powers
3.4 Supervision of provincial and local governments
3.5 Promoting effective multi-level governance through intergovernmental cooperation
4 The Implementation of Devolution and Multi-level Governance
4.1 Provincial and metropolitan councils
4.2 The disciplining of locally elected officials
4.3 The funding model for sub-national governments
4.4 The legislative framework for sub-national governments
4.5 The vision for a non-centralised system of government
5 The Prospects for Decentralisation in Zimbabwe
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
13 Cameroon and the Anomalies of Decentralisation with a Centralist Mindset
1 Introduction
2 The Laborious Route towards Constitutionalism and Decentralisation
2.1 Establishment of statist authoritarianism
2.2 1996 constitutional framework
3 Critical Analysis of the Framework for Decentralisation
3.1 Overview of the constitutional and legal framework
3.2 Political decentralisation versus administrative deconcentration: Decentralised autocracy?
3.3 Fiscal decentralisation with no clear mandates
4 Negative Impact on the Prospects for Constitutionalism
4.1 Loss of local governance and self-rule
4.2 Impact on the stalled transition towards multiparty democracy
4.3 Exacerbation of diversity problems
4.4 Use and misuse of traditional leaders and institutions: citizens and subjects
4.5 Lack of legal safeguards to enforce and protect decentralisation
5 Conclusion
6 Postscript
Bibliography
14 Decentralised Territorial Entities and Promotion of Local Governance under the Constitution of 18 February 2006 in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
1 Introduction
2 Evolution of Territorial Decentralisation
3 Constitutionalisation of DTEs
3.1 Principles
3.2 Legal status of DTEs
3.2.1 Competences
3.2.2 Financial autonomy of DTEs
3.2.3 Relationships between DTEs , provinces, and central government
3.2.3.1 Areas of collaboration
3.2.3.2 Settlement of disputes
4 Evaluation of the Implementation of Decentralisation
4.1 An assessment of the functioning of DTEs
4.2 Lessons learnt from the decentralisation process
4.3 Role of traditional authorities
5 Challenges and prospects for decentralisation
5.1 Challenges
5.2 Prospects
6 Conclusion
Bibliography
15 The Concept and Implementation of ‘Gradual Decentralisation’ in Mozambique
1 Introduction
2 Traditions of Indirect Rule and Centralism
3 The 1990 Constitutional Reform: Introduction of Multiparty Democracy
4 Gradual Decentralisation
5 Municipal Presidentialism
6 Reform Debate
7 Constitutionalism and the Gradualismo of Decentralisation in Mozambique
Bibliography
16 Progress and Pitfalls in Constitutional Reform: Decentralisation in the Wake of the Arab Spring in Egypt and Tunisia
1 Introduction
2 Theoretical Decentralisation
2.1 Egypt’s Two Constitutions
3 Decentralisation in Action
3.1 Egypt
3.1.1 The domestic status quo
3.2 Tunisia
3.2.1 The roadmap to decentralisation
4 The Differences between Military and Civilian Rule
4.1 The potential of a non-military revolution
4.2 The militarisation of political power
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
17 Sub-national Constitutional Autonomy, Local Government, and Constitutionalism in Ethiopia
1 Introduction
2 Regional Constitutions and Polities
2.1 Regional states with highly diversified polities
2.2 Development of regional constitutions
3 ‘Administrative’ and ‘Nationality’ Zones
3.1 ‘Administrative’ zones
3.2 Nationality zones/administrations
3.2.1 Empowering ethnic minorities
3.2.2 Prospects for and actual degree of constitutionalism
4 Woreda/Districts
4.1 Advancing socio-economic development through local autonomy
4.2 Perspectives on constitutionalism
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
Part IV Traditional Institutions and Decentralisation
18 Constitutionalisation of Traditional Authorities and the Decentralisation of Governance: Anglophone and Francophone Africa Compared
1 Introduction
2 Pervasive Yet Often Uncodified
3 Anglophone and Francophone Africa in Comparison
4 Some Recognised, Others Constitutionalised, and Others Yet Uncodified
5 From De Jure Constitutionalisation to De Facto Empowerment
6 Why Does It Matter?
Bibliography
19 Mapping Traditional Leadership and Authority in Post-Apartheid South Africa: Decentralisation and Constitutionalism in Traditional Governance
Preliminary Material
1 Introduction
2 Historical Background and Constitutional Recognition
3 Legal Framework for the Institution of Traditional Leadership and Authority
3.1 Policy documents on traditional governance
3.2 The Traditional Leadership and Governance Framework Act: the blueprint for traditional governance
3.3 Houses of traditional leaders: national, provincial, and local
3.4 Traditional courts: the judicial arm of traditional leadership
3.5 The role of traditional leadership in the allocation of communal land
3.6 The recognition of Khoi-San traditional leadership
4 Traditional Leadership versus Democratic Governance: Challenges and Pitfalls
5 Conclusion
Bibliography
20 The Tinkhundla Decentralisation System: Is this a Blend of Traditional and Modern State Governance that Works?
1 Introduction
2 Historical Foundations of Local Government in Eswatini
2.1 The 1969 Urban Government Act
2.2 The 1978 tinkhundla system
3 Decentralisation under the 2005 Constitutional Framework
4 Concluding Remarks
Bibliography
Part V General Conclusion
21 The Symbiotic Relationship between Decentralisation and Constitutionalism in Africa
1 Introduction
2 The Quest for Constitutionalism and Decentralisation
2.1 Why constitutionalism in the case studies?
2.2 Why decentralisation in the case studies
2.2.1 Federal arrangements
2.2.2 Local government
2.2.3 Traditional leaders
3 Constitutionalism and Federal Arrangements
3.1 Successful implementation of federal arrangements depends on constitutionalism
3.1.1 Democracy
3.1.2 Limited government
3.1.3 Rule of law
3.1.4 Development
3.2 Factors related to the absence of constitutionalism and federalism
3.2.1 Political traditions of centralism
3.2.2 The neo-patrimonial state
3.2.3 The absence of the ‘compound republic’
3.3 The impact of federal practice on constitutionalism
3.3.1 When regions are destructive of constitutionalism
3.3.1.1 Discriminatory practices and ethnic conflict
3.3.1.2 Maladministration and corruption
3.3.1.3 Failure of service delivery
3.3.1.4 Failure to occupy the constitutional space
3.3.2 When regions are constructive of constitutionalism
4 Constitutionalism and Local Government
4.1 The constitutionalisation of local government
4.1.1 High level of constitutional recognition and enforceability: Full-blooded decentralisation
4.1.2 Median level of constitutional recognition and enforcement: Rhetorical decentralisation
4.1.3 Very low or zero level of recognition and enforcement: Phantom decentralisation
4.1.4 Concluding remarks
4.2 Successful implementation of local government depends on constitutionalism
4.2.1 Democracy
4.2.2 Establishment of local government structures
4.2.3 Vertical separation of powers
4.2.4 Rule of law
4.2.5 Development
4.2.6 Factors related to the absence of constitutionalism and local autonomy
4.3 When local government is destructive of constitutionalism
4.4 When local government is constructive of constitutionalism
4.4.1 Deepening democracy
4.4.2 Limiting central power
4.4.3 Rule of law
4.4.4 Advancing development
5 Traditional Leaders
5.1 Constitutional recognition of traditional leadership without a direct governance role
5.2 Limited but direct governance role
5.3 Traditional institutions as the local government
5.4 The future of traditional leadership
6 Concluding Remarks
6.1 Constitutions
6.2 Constitutional actors
6.3 Symbiotic relationship
Bibliography
Further Material
Index
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List of Contributors
Charles M. Fombad, Nico Steytler
From:
Decentralisation and Constitutionalism in Africa
Edited By: Charles M. Fombad, Nico Steytler
Content type:
Book content
Product:
Oxford Constitutions of the World [OCW]
Series:
Stellenbosch Handbooks in African Constitutional Law
Published in print:
22 August 2019
ISBN:
9780198846154
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